Archae vs. Bad, examples. Good, antibiotic. Viruses and Bacteria Notes:. Chapter Structure of a virus: draw and label. Viruses replicate in lytic or lysogenic cycles: make a copy. Lytic Cycle:. Lysogenic Cycle:. Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle:. Step 1 : At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication!
Step 2 : The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA! Step 3 : A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell! Step 4 : The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells. Binary fission in bacteria can happen so fast that in 8 hours, 16,, bacteria can be formed from just one single celled bacteria.
Bacteria is important to almost every soil process on the planet, which means that bacteria can survive in very harsh conditions; Whether it be in high temperatures, low temperatures, anoxic places, and areas in differing pH. A reason why bacteria is important to soils because they were one of the first organisms to begin decomposition of residues in the soil.
Another and even more important role that bacteria fill is fixing nutrients for plant and other soil fauna uptake. Bacteria are responsible for dissolving phosphorus so that it is readily available for plants, and phosphorus is one of the key ingredients to a thriving plant.
Also, bacteria fix nitrogen Nitrogen fixation in the soil so that it is readily available to plants nearby. Plants and most other organisms are not able to utilize nitrogen gas N2 , but bacteria can use the nitrogen gas and convert it to a form that is beneficial for plant uptake. This is why you will find most bacteria in the rhizosphere where all of the plant roots typically are. Fungi is an organism that can be single celled or can be very complex and multi-cellular. The cells of a fungus have a nucleus and membrane wrapped organelles, there fore it is a Eukaryote.
Most bacteria rely on binary fission for propagation. Conceptually this is a simple process; a cell just needs to grow to twice its starting size and then split in two. But, to remain viable and competitive, a bacterium must divide at the right time, in the right place, and must provide each offspring with a complete copy of its essential genetic material. Bacterial cell division is studied in many research laboratories throughout the world.
These investigations are uncovering the genetic mechanisms that regulate and drive bacterial cell division. Understanding the mechanics of this process is of great interest because it may allow for the design of new chemicals or novel antibiotics that specifically target and interfere with cell division in bacteria.
Before binary fission occurs, the cell must copy its genetic material DNA and segregate these copies to opposite ends of the cell. Then the many types of proteins that comprise the cell division machinery assemble at the future division site. A key component of this machinery is the protein FtsZ. Protein monomers of FtsZ assemble into a ring-like structure at the center of a cell. Other components of the division apparatus then assemble at the FtsZ ring.
This machinery is positioned so that division splits the cytoplasm and does not damage DNA in the process. As division occurs, the cytoplasm is cleaved in two, and in many bacteria, new cell wall is synthesized. The order and timing of these processes DNA replication, DNA segregation, division site selection, invagination of the cell envelope and synthesis of new cell wall are tightly controlled.
Thus, most common bacteria are spherical, rod-shaped, or spiral, whereas typical viruses have the form of polyhedral or helically shaped capsids Bailey. The difference is also evident in the sizes of microbes. For instance, while the average diameter of bacteria ranges from to nanometers, the typical size of viruses is only nanometers Bailey. What is more, the largest representatives of bacteria can be seen without the help of a microscope.
Contrary to that, the cap of size for viruses is only nanometers Bailey. Hence, a considerable difference in the external appearance of bacteria and viruses directly influences their functioning and interaction with other living organisms. Next, the important process that differentiates the two types of microorganisms is reproduction.
Generally, bacteria reproduce asexually through the means of binary fission. Such reproduction is impossible for viruses as they do not contain organelles capable of copying viral components. As a result, viral particles are copied to a new environment and begin the creation of identical viral genes. After a virus matures, it destroys the cell and releases new particles in order to infect other cells Panawala 7.
With such diverse reproduction processes, bacteria and viruses differently affect host organisms, essentially causing dissimilar types of diseases. Regardless of their dissimilarities, both types of microbes can spread among other living organisms in the same ways. Some of the central channels that facilitate the distribution of either bacteria or viruses are connected with human interaction.
Moreover, a favorable environment of the spreading of both bacteria and viruses is direct physiological contact. As an example, microbes can infect a healthy person in the process of kissing or sex act with an already infected human Ambardekar. Thus, bacterial and viral infections can spread to humans from their pets or livestock or even insects such as fleas Ambardekar. Lastly, microbes can infect other living organisms through contaminated objects.
For instance, people can get infected by bacteria or viruses in the process of food or water consumption and through physical contact with filthy surfaces Ambardekar.
Hence, despite their differences, both bacterial and viral infections spread to other living organisms via similar means. In particular, depending on the peculiarities of specific microbes, bacterial, or viral infections can be acute, chronic, or latent Ambardekar. Contrary to them, chronic infections caused by bacteria or viruses can last for years, resulting in severe illnesses in the host organism. As for the latent infections, they are the most dangerous to health due to the concealed influence on people.
In other words, such viral and bacterial impact can have no evident symptoms at first but leads to the adverse deterioration of health after months or years Ambardekar. As a result, microbes are especially dangerous because of the wide range of potential diseases that they cause, as both of the microorganisms can have either mild or severe implications for human health. What is more, bacterial and viral infections can cause a variety of similar symptoms, which may hinder the correct diagnostics and treatment of the illness.
Among the main shared symptoms of diseases caused by bacteria and viruses are sneezing, coughing, inflammation, and vomiting Ambardekar. As the most common implication of any illness, fever is not an equally characteristic aspect of the bacterial and viral impact.
This symptom always accompanies bacterial infection, whereas a viral disease does not necessarily cause fever Panawala 7. With these implications, both bacteria and viruses can be incorrectly treated while wielding different ways of responding to medications.
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